Yemen’s Houthi movement has threatened the security of the United Arab Emirates.  

On January 17, Houthi forces launched Iranian-sourced ballistic missiles and one-way, explosive drones, at Abu Dhabi, the capital of the UAE, killing three people.

A week later, another attack targeted al Dhafra military base in the UAE, home to roughly 2,000 US service members. American and Emirati defenses prevented any damage.

The UAE and Saudi Arabia responded with airstrikes targeting Houthi forces in Yemen that have also killed dozens of Yemeni civilians.

The Houthis warned of more attacks to come, shattering the Emirates’ illusion of security. 

Understanding this escalation between the Houthis and the Emiratis only as part of Yemen’s civil war is short sighted. 

The Houthis’ growing threat is also part of a shift in regional dynamics within the Mideast, as Nick Heras and I recently argued.

The cross-border attacks can be explained as an inflection within Yemen’s civil war as the Houthis begin regularly targeting the UAE.

The UAE intervened in Yemen as part of the Saudi-led coalition in March 2015 to restore the Yemeni government to power after the Houthis seized control. 

Rather than a quick victory, Yemen’s civil war has dragged on for nearly eight years and helped create one of the world’s worst humanitarian crises.

The Houthis, who receive support from Iran, still control most of northwestern Yemen, where the majority of Yemenis live. The Emiratis, who had drawn down forces in 2019 and essentially disengaged from the anti-Houthi fight, recently backed a massive counter-offensive against the Houthis.

The ties between the Houthi movement and Iran have deepened over the years. Houthi leaders share revisionist principles with Iran, such as dissatisfaction with a regional order dominated by the United States, Israel, and Saudi Arabia.

Iran and members of its informal alliance, known as the Axis of Resistance, have provided the Houthis with media, political, diplomatic, and military assistance that has helped the Houthis in Yemen. 

In turn, the Houthis have increasingly engaged with members of the Axis, such as Lebanese Hezbollah, and are identifying themselves as part of this alliance.

Iran has provided the Houthis with advanced weapons capabilities. Iranian military assistance has expanded the range of Houthis’ arsenal by introducing medium-range ballistic missiles and attack drones capable of reaching coalition members, as we saw in the Abu Dhabi attack.

Iran’s interests are broader than Yemen and the Gulf, however, and include contesting Israel and those who signed the Abraham Accords with Israel, including the UAE.

The Houthis’ longer-range capabilities don’t just threaten Saudi Arabia and the UAE, they also threaten Israeli interests. 

The Israeli Defense Forces have already repositioned missile defense batteries in southern Israel to defend against potential Houthi strikes.

The Houthis’ attacks on Abu Dhabi among other maritime attacks are powerful examples of what the Houthis could turn against Israel should they or Iran seek to escalate conflict in the region.

Tensions between Israel and Iran are already high and playing out in maritime attacks off the coast of Yemen. Israel targeted an Iranian ship in the Red Sea in April 2021 that was providing the Houthis and others with intelligence and logistical support. Iran targeted an Israeli-linked vessel off the coast of Oman in late July 2021.

The United States must not ignore the Houthis’ threat to Israel and its impact on regional dynamics. Successive US administrations have sought to manage the Houthi problem by ending the civil war in Yemen. They’ve sought this through a ceasefire with Saudi Arabia or a rapprochement between Saudi Arabia and Iran. Yet peace remains elusive.

President Biden announced in the aftermath of the Abu Dhabi attacks that his administration is considering re-designating the Houthis as a foreign terrorist organization. 

His administration lifted that designation early last year over concerns of its impact on the humanitarian conditions in Yemen. Those concerns have not changed. Yet levying sanctions alone without a broader strategy is unlikely to succeed.

The United States needs to pay more attention to the Houthis’ challenge from Yemen. So long as the Houthis remain in power with support from Iran, they threaten the security of the Middle East.