Everybody, Peter Zion here coming to you from Colorado where the big news from last week which was a bowl leave the 10th of October was that Exxon Mobil the Energy Super major has bought up a company called pioneer with an all stock by about $60 billion of stock.

Pioneer is the single largest producer in the shale fields in the Permian Basin, which is the most productive energy basin in the world now. So I thought it would be great to kind of take a walk down memory lane, and then take us forward into what’s going on with the energy sector in the United States in the wider world, starting with shale. So short version is that there have been multiple phases to the shale breakout, it all started back in the early 2000s, when the United States found itself facing kind of a double bind. We had had a coup in Venezuela, which had taken one of the major suppliers of crude for the Western Hemisphere offline. And the Iraq war had started. So a major source of Eastern Hemisphere was offline. And energy prices hit near record levels in a very short period of time. And there’s nothing like high prices to trigger the sort of activity that’s necessary to bring new supplies to the market and a lot of technologies that had been part of the energy matrix for decades, in some cases over a century, they started to play with them in new ways. So the two issues in question were something called fracking, which is basically injecting water into a well with a suspension of sand in order to crack the rock. And then you pull the water back out and the sand stays behind and prop props open the cracks. We’ve been doing some version of this for over a century, but that was now being combined with something called horizontal drilling, where instead of just going down and punching through a cap rock, and to get to a reservoir, you go down, and then you will laterally across a rock strata. Shale is different from normal crude. Normally, the crude migrates through the rock formation until it hits some sort of non porous rock that it can’t pass through, and then it builds up into kind of a pool with a lot of pressure. So when you punch through the tap rock with a drill bit, you get pressure that pushes the oil out, and then eventually, you can pump water down into that formation in order to loosen up more of the oil and get even more out. Shale is different, because the rock itself was never porous. And so the little bits of energy are trapped almost at the moment of formation within the rock strata. And so you got to break them out. It’s neither of these technologies were really new, but combining them was at as as normal when new technologies come to the fore. It’s not the big players who do it, it was the small players. So this is not ExxonMobil, or Chevron, or ConocoPhillips, or totaal, or any of the rest. These are mom and pop operations, who only own a few acres of mineral rights, who had drill everything that they had. Now, the economics of that are may be questionable, but remember, we’re in an environment of much higher oil prices. So you had small operations that were desperate to find a way to crack the code on new technologies in order to stay in business. And since we had high prices from roughly 2003 until 2008, they had a long period of high prices that they were able to operate in. And for small companies, that meant a lot of innovation. And so we developed dozens of new techniques kind of clustered in these two general categories. And that brought a lot of natural gas, which was easier to produce into the market. And by the time we get to 2008, we’re starting to do the same thing for oil. And of course, we had the financial crisis. So everyone got hammered. But then we had Wall Street who was looking for new investments. And since the small mom and pops had done so well, for the last few years, there was a lot of money that came in from the stock market or bonds or joint ventures, whatever it happened to be. Now by the time we get to 2013 2014, these technologies had matured quite a bit. And the United States was very, very close to achieving technical energy independence. And that meant that the super majors started to come to play. Now starting back in the 1970s, when US energy production really started declining in force, the super majors, knowing that there wasn’t anything left in the United States with how they understood energy production, they went abroad, and

well, things got ugly. Most of the countries that they started producing energy in whether it was in the Middle East or off the coast of Africa or South America didn’t have very strong rule of law, the local energy partners were tended to be pretty corrupt. And it was a crapshoot, especially since a lot of these projects were in areas with limited infrastructure. It could take 10 years of investment before you saw any return. And then it might just be nationalized. So they kind of had a crap sandwich for 30 years. Well, then they look back home and they see this flotilla of small companies just making bank and so they started coming back to the United States and buying the shale plays and buy it up the engineers and sometimes even the smaller companies in total, in order to learn what had been developed back home. They saw a lot of familiarity because they know these two technologies were not breakthrough.

was enough of themselves. The the techniques of combining them, that’s where the interest was. And so year after year after year, the companies came back in greater and greater force. The company that was first for that was Chevron Texaco, because it had a lot of legacy production from the Permian Basin in West Texas, which had been part of previous oil booms. But it also had 20 layers of shale. So they were able to use their pre existing mineral rights and buy up some of the talent that was available and apply it to what they already had Exxon didn’t have that option. Exxon just had to come in and buy buy, buy buy buy, and in the meantime, Pioneer which is a company that dates back to the T Boone Pickens days if you guys know that name, was a legitimate producer in its own right but it to just basically was hoovering up all of these small companies for a decade. You fast forward today, Exxon Mobil’s like, okay, okay, okay, the crap sandwich that is the International Energy Industry, that’s not nearly as hopeful as we thought it was going to be. So we need to do something a little bit bigger. And so they found the single largest player in the Permian pioneer. And just,

and when,

when Exxon does a merger, whoever is after the Exxon part is silent. You know, technically it’s ExxonMobil. But mobile’s long gone. So basically, it has been absorbed into the Borg behemoth that is ExxonMobil.

Which brings us to today.

This is probably the end of the first shale revolution, because the character of it all the small companies doing massive innovation, that is now pretty much gone. And the majority of the shale production in the United States now is owned by the super majors again, so we’re back to where we were in the 70s. That doesn’t mean the production growth is going to stop, that doesn’t mean that innovation is going to stop, but things are definitely going to slow down. Now, Exxon has a lot more market control, it has a lot more market discipline. And when you’ve got a small company that only owns a few acres, they will drill every theoretical spot that they think they can get oil out of. But when you have a huge company owns hundreds of 1000s of acres of mineral rights, they’re going to drill the best spots. And when those are tapped, they will then do a little bit more targeted innovation on the next best spots, and so on, which means we should expect production growth to be a less frenetic than we’ve seen in the past. That doesn’t mean it’s going to stop. But you know, in the last 15 years, the US shale sector has set records for added production, I think in nine of those years, those days are probably behind us, we’ll probably never add more than a million barrels a day a year again, but I’ll you know, records exist to be broken, we’ll see. Now, from the point of view of a normal person, the end of the first shale revolution isn’t going to seem very much different. But from within the industry, it’s going to be pretty significant. Kind of the defining characteristic of Exxon Mobil is that it has all the stuff that it needs in house. So it can’t just use these technologies or carry them forward, it can do so at scale, and kind of turn it into an assembly line process, it’s much more reliable, and gets more output for less input.

Perhaps just as importantly, the defining characteristic of small companies is they don’t have a lot of cash. So they take it from wherever they can get. Most of these aren’t publicly traded. So you’re talking about loans or bonds, or joint production ventures or whatnot, whereas Exxon can fund whatever it wants. So in the old days, now, five to 15 years ago, small companies were dependent upon getting capital, either from regional governments or banks or Wall Street. Well, that pretty much ceases to be a concern with Exxon. And they can do the investment day in day out based on their own short, mid and long term economic forecasts. And this should generate a lot more smoothness in terms of production output. But it also means that a lot of the financial ups and downs that we have seen in the energy sector that were related to things that had nothing to do with the energy sector, those are probably behind us and it should make all of this a lot more reliable in the time to come.

And it’s time now to start talking about the second shale revolution. And we’ll hit that tomorrow.