Hey everybody, Peter Zeihan here coming to you from a snowy Colorado. Today we’re going to talk about what’s going on in the Persian Gulf. There’s something called the COP 28 conference going on, which is the United Nations Global Climate Change update conference. The acronym stands for nothing, so don’t look for it. As a rule, I don’t comment on these things. Because any organization where is your booty and Japan are both represented generally does nothing. And there’s not a lot you should expect to come out of these talks at all. It’s really just an update on where everyone is, folks made commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions a few years ago, this is kind of progress report. And the bottom line is pretty much everybody gets a D or an F, not a lot has happened. Two things. Number one, the way these things are negotiated is you have political authorities and you have scientific authorities, the political authorities are the ones who actually have to get stuff done. And the scientific authorities tend to be the ones who set the thresholds and the targets. And oftentimes, the two of them don’t discuss things very often. And so the political statement and the scientific statements often have very little to do with one another. Nothing really different here this time around. What is different this time around is they’re trying to add a completely new category to the greenhouse gas emissions protocols. So until now, it’s been focused mostly on carbon dioxide, which is by far the number one source of climate change. But this time, the trend to add methane. Now methane, aka cow farts, aka natural gas, is a much more potent greenhouse gas emission, but for a shorter period of time. So co2 lasts in the system for centuries with a moderate warming effect, whereas natural gas usually dissipates within about a decade, but has a much stronger impact in that time. So if you’re looking for the low hanging fruit and climate talks, methane is where you want to go. And in cases of like the United States, most of our methane emissions are linked into oil and gas production in some way. In a lot of oil production, in shale fields, natural gas comes up as a byproduct. And so really, all you need to do is have better sealant on the pipelines and the production system, you can have a pretty outsized impact on methane emissions from a climate point of view. In addition, a lot of these things pay for themselves, because natural gas is a product that can then be sold into the power system or the chemical system. So the Biden ministration, is in the process of perfecting some regulations with the goal of reducing American methane emissions by about 80% over the course of the next decade, which I think is an actually fairly achievable goal, that I don’t think the oil and gas industry is going to push back against too much, because again, it’s a product. But that doesn’t mean it’s going to be involved in these cop talks at all, because of the Chinese give you an idea of just how hypocritical some of these talks are, and how little progress you should expect. The Chinese are against involving methane as an emission target, because most of their Methane is a byproduct of their coal production. And if they’re going to continue to use coal for the vast majority of their power, then they’re going to kick out a lot of methane as a side effect. And unlike in the United States, where this is something that can be solved by seeing without pipes. All you have to do in China, if you want to not have the methane is to shut down the coal, the coal mines. So the Chinese are kind of dead set against this category in general. Anyway, we’ve seen this in environmental regulations before with the Chinese were in a lot of the advanced countries, most notably the United States. It’s an issue of kind of cleaning up after yourself and a lot of it pays for itself. Something very similar happened back in the 80s. And the 90s was something called the Montreal Protocol, which is something that banned Clurel fluorocarbons, which is something that used to be in Freon and air conditioning systems. We banned it because it was bad for the ozone layer gave everybody sunburns. And we replaced it with something called H CFCs. Which were an order of magnitude better. Now the Chinese were the ones at the time were produced most of the world’s Freon and they didn’t think that the replacement technologies are something that they could master. So for technological sovereignty issues, they refuse to go along with it until the rest of the planet had made the switch and then they finally joined on the tail end. We’re probably going to see something like that with methane in the talks this week. Okay, that’s it. Bye bye.