Everybody, Peter Zeihan here coming to you from snowy Colorado where in the last 18 hours, we’ve gotten 18 inches of snow, which means that this morning is a time for clearing and shoveling. But there is more to winter than shoveling and icicles are the her is also the fun and games that comes with agriculture. In fact, winter is arguably the single biggest factor for how our world got to be in the shape it is more or less the century and last century. The issue is that when winter hits, everything stops, and you have a layer of moisture that then insulates the ground. This is two things. Number one, it preserves a little bit moisture in there, and then we’ll get a little bit back in the spring. But more importantly, the thicker the snow, the greater the insulation. And so you actually still have biological processes going on under the surface, even right there in the topsoil. Basically, you’ve got organic material that is decaying, or as farmers like to call it the formation of free fertilizer. If you look at the map of the world’s agricultural zones, before roughly 1900, the pre industrial era, you’ll notice certain patterns, the American Midwest to a degree the American Piedmont Northern Europe, central Eurasia, the Rio de plata basin in South America, and the southeastern part of Australia, and South Africa. Oh, sorry, I forgot northern China as well. What are these areas all have in common? It’s cold, you get some snow. And so you get that recharge system there temperate climates where the free fertilizers kind of baked into the cake. If you go outside of those zones, pre 1900. It’s not that there’s not agriculture. But by definition, it’s almost not large scale, and most of the crops that feed most of humanity. So you’re talking about rice, soy, wheat, and corn. Those four crops grow best in those conditions, you move out of those zones, and you’re talking different crops, things like sweet potatoes or yams. And it’s not UK that you can’t support a population with those things. It’s that you can’t support a large population with those things. So they’re not nearly as amenable to row crop edge. It’s more subsistence farming as a rule. Now, that of course change right right around between 1900 1945 for some countries, and then between roughly 1990 and 1985. For the rest, what happened there was first the development and then the mass application of industrial level agricultural inputs, things like fuels and fertilizers, which allowed you to plant more traditional crops in zones that normally weren’t really great for it. In addition, those lower output crops per acre, if you started putting things like fertilizer, they would do a lot better. As a rule, the industrialization of agriculture had a bigger impact on marginal lands than it did on the prime lands, the prime lands still saw their output increased by 50% 250%. But it’s the marginal lands that saw tripling quadrupling, or even more. Now, something to keep in mind with all those secondary lands. If you’re talking about say a step where it’s just dry with our culture doesn’t nothing really happens. If you’re talking about the tropics, yes, you have a riot of growth, but the nutrients are consumed by that growth as soon as the growth rots. So if you clear the jungle on the rainforest, the soil that’s left behind is almost nutrient non existent. And without those industrial level inputs, you really can’t grow crops at scale in these zones. Now, because of industrialization of agriculture, we haven’t simply seen that the part of the world that humans cultivate expand by a factor of three, we seen the population expand by a factor of three as well. My concern is that we’re entering an era where the supply chains that allow those industrial inputs to function to exist, are going to break down. And for countries like China, or Brazil, who import the vast, vast, vast majority of those inputs, that means the ability to sustain post 1900 levels of population are going to be hugely hit. In the case of Brazil, they still have portions of the country that are still temperate. It’s not like they’re going to starve, but they’re no longer gonna be a massive agricultural exporter to places like Brazil. So for those of you who live in a place where you don’t have snow, yes, you get more time on the beach, and you don’t have to shuffle. But it also means the security of your food supply is decided by people in different climate zones with supply chains that are a continent away, that you have no ability to protect or even influence and the world we’re going into, that’s going to get a little rough