Hey everybody, Peter Zeihan here coming to you from snowy Colorado. The news last week in the financial world is that, for the first time in 17 years, Japan raised its interest rates above 0.1%. Very exciting stuff. Let me give you the backdrop. So I talk a lot about demographics. Japan is the original demographic basket case. They started industrializing around the turn of the last century. And we’re the first significant country after Germany to be majority urbanized. And unlike Germany, where you have suburbs, you basically just have inner city followed by mortgage city, with everyone living in condos. So they’ve had the world’s lowest birth rate for quite some time until recently. And they’re definitely the world’s until recently, the world’s fastest aging society and are still the world’s oldest society, they found a way to mitigate some of that, but it’s really just slowed the decline, definitely not reversed it Anywho. Once people age, I passed roughly 50 M, it’s a different forever culture, but roughly there, they start consuming less and saving more. And in the case of Japan, back in the 1980s, which was one of the most productive economies in the world, you got this super saturation of the local market with high tech goods, and then everything had to be sold abroad. It was a combination social management, political and economic plan all in one. That meant that Japan became the boogeyman of the day for the Americans, because they could sell high tech stuff for cheaper than the Americans could make it at home. But it also meant that back in Japan, the supersaturation, pushed prices down. And if you think prices are gonna go down, you tend to defer your purchases for a little bit, because they’ll go down more. And that happened across every economic sector in Japan for decades, and eventually got to the point that between trade tensions which triggered problems with the United States, that forced Japan to offload some of their manufacturing to other countries, most notably the United States in order to keep relations, okay. You also had people aging and aging and aging and aging, eventually hitting mass retirement. So the bolds in the population pyramid in Japan is past the age of retirement already. And people who are retired don’t consume much at all. So after 30 years of consumption being flat to negative, you’re now not simply dealing with the different population structure that can’t consume. You also have a smaller industrial bullet base in Japan, because so much of it has been offloaded moved to other places for a mix of strategic political and economic reasons. Well, that means deflation has never really gone away. And that means that the Japanese have been really having problems stimulating consumption normally, normally, interest rates are to be perfectly blunt, a method of regulating demand. The idea is you make them lower, so it’s easier to borrow when you want people to buy more, you raise them when you want to slow down and fight inflation so that they’ll buy less, that’s how it works. But once you get into deflation, and you eventually drop your interest rates to zero, you can’t go any further. Let me guess the Japanese did, you went negative. So you actually get paid when you borrow money. But it wasn’t enough to change the fundamental mechanics of it. Now, in recent years, especially with the recovery from COVID, we’ve been seeing inflation throughout the manufacturing supply chain system, Japan is no exception to that. And so prices have risen in Japan, triggering monetary policy changes like raising interest rates to a record high in recent years of point one. But this is not a sign of a return to something that’s more normal. This has only occurred because of increase in prices for the inputs of raw materials and the outputs of intermediate and finished products. This is a supply chain reason for inflation going up not a demand reason. So while it’s a little bit more than normal today in Japan, and banks can work a little bit more normally, which is you know, a good, good thing. There hasn’t actually been a fundamental change in the core problem that plagues the country. And that’s that demand has been steadily dropping now for an entire generation, and is unlikely to recover. Why does this matter? Well, Japan used to be the world’s second largest country. And it has basically stalled for 35 years now. Second, in the meantime, a lot of other countries have caught up and even past Japan in terms of the speed of aging. If you remember earlier I said that Japan’s birth rate had risen a little bit and it’s 18. It’s slowed a little bit not not recovered, not reversed, but slowed. A lot other countries have screamed right by it. Countries that are now aging faster include Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, China, Germany, Italy, Spain, and Poland. And now it’s kind of a race to see who gets to the bottom first. Which means this sort of problem, it’s not so much that it’s Japan’s old, normal and still new normal. It’s about to become the new normal for a whole swath of countries that we have long associated with robust economic growth and high levels of industrial production so Japan’s past is the future for a lot of these countries and Japan’s present doesn’t look all that hot either.